George
Peacock was a little-known yet indefatigable inventor and naval
officer, born in 1805 at Navy House in Exmouth, Devon. His career
spanned a time of immense social change and innovation in Britain – a
time which clearly had a great influence on his life and provided much
inspiration for his inventions.
Inventor and Naval officer
Propeller model by George Peacock, c.1830. Click to view on Collections website
Plan of a tell-tale dial for ships wheels by G. Peacock, Nov 1835. Click to view on Collections website
His father, a former Master in the Navy, owned merchant vessels on
which George became an apprentice at the age of 13. He progressed
quickly and in 1828 obtained his full Master’s ticket; joining the Royal
Navy as engineer of the paddle steamer HMS
Echo. He had always
been a keen inventor – his first invention was a screw propeller for
his father’s boat, which he designed when he was just 17. Aboard the
Echo
he continued to pursue his interests, patenting an ingenious method of
making fresh water from salt, and a method of salvaging wrecks.
In 1835, while Master aboard HMS
Medea, he surveyed the
Isthmus of Corinth – the narrow land bridge which connects the
Peloponnese peninsula with the rest of mainland Greece and marked the
line of a possible canal. He presented this chart and associated plans
to King Otto of Greece, and in 1882 King George of Greece honoured
Peacock with the Royal Order of the Redeemer, when the building of the
Corinth Canal commenced. (
Western Times, 23 June 1882).
Peacock's later career
In 1840 he left the Royal Navy, accepting employment as Commander
within the newly constituted Pacific Steam Navigation Company. This
resulted in his contribution to the opening up of trade and
communications with Chile and Panama – Peacock became the first
Commander aboard steamships to navigate the Strait of Magellan to the
Pacific coasts. Fifty years later, the French diplomat Ferdinand de
Lesseps acknowledged his debt to Peacock's survey in his own direction
of the cutting of the Panama Canal (
Western Times, 1881).
In 1848 Peacock settled down to become dock master, and subsequently
superintendent, of Southampton Docks. In the same year, he formed a
company, Peacock and Buchan, for the manufacture of his patented
anti-fouling paint for iron ships. He was able to claim that numerous
iron sailing ships had returned from India and the west coast of South
America 'after an absence of from ten to fourteen months with perfectly
clean bottoms'. However, in 1860, perhaps feeling the need for
exploration again, he led an expedition to the Spanish Sahara, under the
patronage of Napoleon III, to search for guano and mineral deposits.
Inventions and publications
George Peacock: Letters of Patent for a Propeller, January 1855, including Great Seal of the Realm of Queen Victoria.
George Peacock's Swan boat, Illustrated London News, Oct 1860
Considering his illustrious career, very little seems to have been
written about him. Clues to his achievements in the forms of inventions
and manuscripts can be found in various museums and archives around the
country. Between 1828 and 1876, Captain Peacock was credited with
inventions including: an invulnerable floating battery; a refuge buoy
beacon; a granulated floating poncho – termed a ‘life, limb, and
treasure preserver’, the ‘Nautilus Bathing Dress’, the top half of which
was inflatable and designed for ‘Swimming in Safety with Decorum’; and
The iconic
Swan of the River Exe, a private 10-berth yacht with
the appearance of a giant mute swan (four smaller vessels called
‘Cygnets’ would transport passengers to the
Swan, only one of which remains in existence today at Topsham Museum in Devon).
Peacock also published several pamphlets, among them Official Correspondence relating to his naval career (1859),
Handbook of Abyssinia (1867),
A Treatise on Ships' Cables (1873),
The Resources of Peru (1874), and
Notes on the Isthmus of Panama and Darien (1879).
The Caird Library is fortunate to store items relating to Captain
Peacock, alongside an exciting possible new discovery – an unattributed
plan of a ‘tell tale dial for ships wheels’ signed ‘G. Peacock’, perhaps
invented by him during his time in the Royal Navy. Other
well-documented items include: a copy letter book containing
correspondence regarding his inventions and letters of Patent for a
Propeller, the model of which is also held in the Museum stores.
Further information
For more information please see the following sources:
ZAZ6817: G. Peacock: Plan of a tell-tale dial for ships wheels, Admiralty Sailing Navy Collection
Plan showing the front elevation and side elevations of the upper dial
and lower dial mechanisms for the tell-tale system on the steering wheel
of warships. 10th Nov 1835.
SLR2386: Model of propeller
Propeller screw – wrought iron, with blades shaped like a bee’s wing, or parabolic in their curvature. (NMM Brass Foundry)
MSS/82/045: Peacock, George, Letters of Patent for a Propeller, dated January 1855
Copy of agreement and patent certificate – copy refers to diagrams (not
included) – the section and sketches reside at Liverpool Record Office
(387 PEA/3/16). This item also contains a Great Seal of the Realm of
Queen Victoria.
MSS/79/129: Peacock, Captain George (1805 - 1883) Copy Letter Book 1858 to 1860
Ref: (ILN): Illustrated London News: Oct 30th 1860 p. 352
An article and illustration relating to the Swan boat.
Mariner's mirror, v.66, No.1, February 1980, pp.17-29
'Captain George Peacock: the pioneer commander of Pacific Steamers.' Duncan, Roland. E.
Sea Breezes, new series, volume 11, pages 194-196, 1951. - 387.205 SEA
'Outstanding Shipmaster of the 19th Century, George Peacock'
Drawings relating to the propeller patent MSS/82/045 are held at
Liverpool Museum and the last surviving Cygnet boat, alongside more
examples of his inventions, reside at Topsham Museum, Devon.
Katherine Weston, Archives Assistant
